In 1982, dietary food frequency questionnaires asked about foods that researchers assumed people ate, not what they actually ate. It was an approach that made every study less accurate than it could be.
At the National Cancer Institute, Gladys Block saw a better way. She analyzed NHANES data to identify which foods are the top sources of nutrients in the American diet. This data-driven approach made dietary assessment more accurate and reproducible. The method is now the standard worldwide and is used in most scientifically-based dietary assessment.